Introduction of Computer
The word "Computer" is made from the Latin word "Computare" which means a calculating device. the present stage of the computer developed has arrived after a lots of failures, actually the first calculating machine was developed before 500 BC called an 'Abacus' which was use to perform addition, multiplication, subtraction and deviation of a number. And even nowadays it is being used in some parts of the world.
Computer is an electronic Device, which performs arithmetical as well as logical operation depending upon instruction provided to it. It can be further defined as an electronic device, which is able to:
a.) Accept Data from user
b.) Store and execute instructions
c.) Performs operations
d.) Output result according to user requirement.
In short, it is an electronic device which accepts the data supplied by user. Performs Mathematical & Logical Operations as required, and gives result as per user requirements.
As we are familiar with the features of computer system. Like
1.) Faster & Speed: Computers are very fast. They can process millions of instructions as per second.
2.) Accurate: Computers are accurate. They do not make mistakes in calculations
3.) Efficiency: The efficiency of a computer does not decrease with age. Unlike the same over a number of years.
4.) Versatility: Computers can do a variety of jobs depending on the instructions fed to them.
5.) Storage: Computer can store huge amount the date for long time. It has huge capacity to storage data. Storage capacity of computer is measured in terms of kilobytes. The date can be accessed immediately.
6.) Diligence: - Computer is a modern electronic device it has huge capacity of performing repeated operation, it does not get tired.
7.) Communicative: - Computer is most popular equipment an information technology in resent world, it is also called IBM machine, and by the help of these machine you receive and send message to your fellow any place of the world at a time.
8.) Economical:-
It is a man made machine. Generally it is used in office job for fast and standard task in your daily routine in job area (office)
Classification of Computer
Computer is made for different purposes. The variation is due to the different in use, size, etc. The various types of computers used can be classified.
1. On the basic of work.
2. On the basic of size.
1. on the basic of work:
Computer may be made for different purposes. Since they have been made for different purposes, the computers have different functions. On the basic of works, the computers are classified as:
a) Analog computer
b) Digital computer
c) Hybrid computer
(a) Analog computer:
Analog computer is that measures of physical values, such as temperature or pressure. We have seen many devices used as analog device. Speedometer micrometer; multi meter, etc are analog devices.
(b) Digital computer:
A digital computer performs its functions on the basic of counting of numbers or digits. Digital computers function by counting the digits (0 and 1)
(c) Hybrid computer:
Hybrid COMPUTER can do the tasks of digital as well as analog computer. Such computers are used in hospitals, jet engines, etc.
2. On the Basic of Size:
The computer can be classified on the basic of appearance or size. Computer classified on the basis of size are:
(a) Super computer
(b) Mainframe computer
(c) Minicomputer
(d) Microcomputer
Computer Studies
The Computer related to computer system and its peripherals is known as computer studies. Mainly computer can be studies in two ways:
1.) Software
2.) Hardware
1.) Hardware: The components of computer system that can be touched and feel are known as Hardware. The study related to the maintenance of peripherals of computer system is known as Hardware. For ex. CPU, Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse etc are hardware components.
2.) Software: The programs by which a computer system function and perform various kinds of tasks is known as software. The study related in developing these types of software programs is called software studies. There are different kinds of software to perform different kinds of work. The software can be divided into three types:
i.) Operating System Software (MS-DOS)
ii.) Application Software ( MS- Word, Ms- Excel, Ms-Powerpnt etc.)
iii.) Utility Software
i.) Operating System Software:
An Operating system is an organized set or collection of software programs that control the overall operation of the computer system. Their functions are as follows.
a.) It acts as interpreter between the user and the machine interface.
b.) To control and maintain coordination between the input devices of computer.
c.) To support the application programs to be run in computer.
Lists of Operating System:
MS DOS, Apple DOS, OS/2, UNIX, LUNIX, Windows(2002,2007,2010) etc.
ii) Application Software:
The Software that is used to perform any kinds of tasks is known as Application software. The application software is classified into two types i.e. Tailored and Package. Tailored software is the software which is build for specific purposes. And packaged software is the software that is meant for common purposes. Here are the lists of common purpose software:
a.) Word Processing Software (MS WORD etc.)
b.) Spreadsheet calculation (MS EXCEL etc.)
c.) Database Management Software (MS ACCESS, Fox Pro etc.)
d.) Entertainment (Audio/ Visual – Multimedia & Games)
e.) Communication (Email, Internet, E Fax etc.)
ii.) Utility Software:
The Software programs that are used for maintenance of the computer system are called as Utility software. Like file Management, Disk Utilities, Anti virus software etc.
Uses area of Computer
1. Education
2. Banking
3. Astranaut
4. Health
5. Offices
6. Houses
7. Health
8. publishing
9. School/Colleges
10.Multimedia etc.
General Knowledge (GK)
1. Early counting method= (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)2. ABACUS 2000 Years ago
3. Charles Babbage = Father of computer science, which developed "analytical engine". It is also called "difference engine" in 1792-1871 AD
4. Lady Augusta Lovelace =The first Programmer of computer science who is daughter of Romantic poet Lord Byron and disciple of Charles Babbage.
5. Vent Cerf = Father of the computer
The growth of computer development was increased during nineteenth century. The development passed through distinct phases known as computer Generation. All Generations differ to each other in respect of traditions, thinking and fashions. The computer generation can be divided into five generations, which are explained as follows:
GENERATION TECHNICAL USED PERIOD
Generation Device Period
1st Vacuum tubes 1943 -1958
2nd Transistor 1959 -1964
3rd IC (integrated circuit) 1965 -1972
4th VLSI (Very large Scale Integration) 1973 -1984
5th BIO – CHIPS (Parallel Processor) Present
History of Computer in Nepal
The first computer that was brought in Nepal was IBM1401 by the Government of Nepal for the census of 1972 (2028 B.S.). This was the second generation computer of IBM Company that worth one lakh twenty five thousand per months as rent for this computer. It took almost 1 year, 1 month and 15 days to computer 1 core 12.5 lakhs population.
On viewing it’s the importance of computer it was kept in Nepal and separate section called "Yantrikee Saranikan Kendra" was established in 1975 (2031 B.S.) which after six years was converted to National Computer Center. For the census of 2038 B.S, a British computer ICL 2950/10 was brought with aid of UNDP and UNFPA at two million American dollars. The census of 2038 was completed in 1 year and 3 months.
Nowadays computers have fully affected all the sectors of Nepal. Most Government offices, private agencies, hotels, airlines, Banks, Collages, Schools, and Hospitals etc are using computer to perform different kinds of tasks. Many training institute and a collages have been developed in the fields of computer studies.
FUNCTION OF KEY BOARD KEYS
• Backspace: - This key deletes character/words from left side.
• Space bar: - This key makes blank space between each word.
• Enter key:- This key used for change next paragraph.
• Caps lock key: - This key is used for type capitalize all characters.
• Shift key: - This key used for typing first upper case letter of first sentence.
• Home key: - This key moves cursor to the beginning of current sentence.
• End: - This key moves cursor end of the current sentence.
• Page up: - This key is used for going to the previous page.
• Page down: - This key is used for going to the next page.
• Esc: - This key is used for coming out from display box information or games.
• Ctrl, alt: - These keys do not have their own function; they work with the help of other key. For example by pressing ctrl, alt and delete key simultaneously computer get restart.
• Function key: - This key is mark with F1 to F12. These keys do not have their own function; there function is depending upon the program you are using.
• Delete key: - This key is used for deleting character in right side.
• Insert key: - This key is used for interesting character in between word.
• Num lock pad: - This keypad is used for typing number some keys are having two functions. To use this keypad for typing Number, always switch on num lock switch.
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